文化與技術三部曲 · SF-08｜Marc Weber 導覽 Computer History Museum「Revolution」常設展

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Marc: So what I was thinking is to start with the Cold War and some of the, you know, this is the military technology that was sort of the background to computing in the 60s. So these are real places. It looks like a War Games movie. And this is SAGE, which was the first really major interactive computing system. And it was also networked. So this was started in the mid 50s, started, finished in the early 60s. But this was about guarding against nuclear bombers. So you would have people sitting at this with a light gun, which is like a mouse to point. They had a telephone and an ashtray. And you see the size of this.

馬克：所以我在想的是從冷戰開始，談談60年代計算器背後的一些軍事技術。這些都是真實存在的地方。看起來像是《戰爭遊戲》電影的場景。這是SAGE，是第一個真正重要的互動計算系統，也是有網絡連接的。它在50年代中期開始建造，60年代初完成。但它的目的是防範核轟炸機。所以你會看到人們坐在這裏，手持一支光槍（就像鼠標一樣），旁邊有一部電話和一個菸灰缸。你可以看到它的體積有多大。

If you look up here, this is one of the SAGE, a model of one of the SAGE buildings. Every one of those little stations up there is one of these. So many dozens of people in there in the dark looking at kind of radar traces, looking for Russian bombers coming. And that’s why they had the built-in lighter, because if you lit a match, you would blind yourself and the people around you. And you had a telephone if you saw something. But this was networked, as I said. There were 23 centers around North America, both US and Canada. They looked like that on the outside, not very friendly. Not all were this big. Some were smaller. But that kind of kicked off interactive computing and networking. And this employed a huge number of people. And it’s important to remember for the history of computing that the Vietnam War was, they had conscription, a draft, so that if you were not studying at university, you would be sent to Vietnam, or you were eligible to be sent to Vietnam. So this kept a huge number of very talented computer people in research who would have probably gone into industry otherwise. So out of these kind of Cold War computing projects, you got a lot of people staying and spending time developing things that otherwise probably would have gone to industry. SAGE was done by IBM. And it trained a whole generation of programmers who then did go into industry. But five years later, as the Vietnam War was in full swing, a lot of people stayed in school.

如果你往上看，這是其中一個SAGE的模型，也是其中一個SAGE建築的模型。那些上面的小站每一個都是其中之一。裏面有這麼多人在黑暗中觀察雷達追蹤，尋找俄羅斯的轟炸機。這就是爲什麼它們內建了打火機，因爲如果你點燃一根火柴，你會讓自己和周圍的人都被致盲。如果你看到什麼東西，你可以使用電話。但正如我所說的，這是一個網絡系統。在北美有23箇中心，包括美國和加拿大。它們的外觀看起來並不友好。並非所有的中心都這麼大。有些更小。但這開啓了互動計算和網絡的先河。這個系統僱用了大量的人。對於計算器的歷史來說，重要的是要記住越戰時期實行了徵兵制度，如果你沒有在大學學習，你就會被派往越南，或者你有資格被派往越南。因此，這使得大量非常有才華的計算器人才留在研究領域，否則他們可能會進入工業界。 所以在這些冷戰計算項目中，你會發現很多人留在學校並花時間開發本來可能會進入工業界的東西。SAGE是由IBM完成的，它培養了一整代的程序設計師，他們後來確實進入了工業界。但五年後，當越南戰爭進入全面戰爭時，很多人仍然留在學校。

And of course, part of the era was also, well, for the Cold War, there’s Norden bombsight from World War II used in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. But here, an ICBM computer and a lunar lander computer. So the moon landing, of course, was in that period.

當然，這個時代的一部分也與冷戰有關，例如二戰時在廣島和長崎使用的諾登炸彈瞄準器。而在這裏，還有一臺洲際彈道導彈計算機和一臺登月艙計算機。所以，登月當然是在那個時期發生的。

And I think, I mean, time sharing was the standard way to interact with computers for multiple users. SAGE was one of the ancestors of that.

我覺得，我的意思是，時間共享是多個用戶與計算器互動的標準方式。SAGE是其中一個的祖先。

Super computers.

超級計算機。

Mini computers.

迷你計算機。

And this, some people consider the ancestor of the personal computer. But it’s a bit of a stretch. The link, the big thing is it was a single user computer. So again, everything you’ve seen until now was either many people operating it, putting in punch cards and getting results, or sharing a single computer with terminals. The link was designed to be used by one person. But it was $40,000 in 1962 dollars, which is a lot of money. And you had to write your own software and probably operating system. So this is not for the person at home. But Wes Clark, who was the main creator behind this, was a huge proponent of single user computers and had a big influence later on.

這個，有些人認爲是個人計算機的祖先。但這有點牽強。這個連接器的重點是它是一臺單用戶計算機。所以，到目前爲止，你所看到的一切都是由多人操作，輸入穿孔卡並獲得結果，或者共享一臺帶有終端的單臺計算機。這個連接器是設計用於一個人使用的。但在1962年，它的價格是4萬美元，這是一筆很大的錢。而且你需要自己編寫軟件，可能還需要操作系統。所以這不是給家庭使用的。但是，Wes Clark，這個連接器的主要創造者，是單用戶計算機的堅定支持者，並且在後來產生了很大的影響。

So the PDP line from DEC. This museum came out of DEC originally in the 70s.

DEC的PDP系列。這個博物館最初是在70年代由DEC創立的。

And the world of many computers was the world that essentially the personal computer was a rebellion against. So the typical way to use computers in the 70s was you had a terminal like this. This is a teletype. These were adapted from the machines used in telegraphy starting in early 20th century. And very loud, it would sit here. You would type in commands and you would get back the results on the paper, which would just print out in a continuous roll. So you could have a dozen or more users sharing one machine like this connected to all those terminals. But the system administrator was kind of like a little god of that system and could decide how much you could store, what programs you could run, what you could use it for, how long you could use it, all those things. So to hacker types, people that were really into computers, this felt very restrictive and a dream for many of them became owning their own computer.

許多計算機的世界，基本上是個人計算機所反叛的世界。所以在70年代，使用計算機的典型方式是像這樣有一個終端機。這是一臺電傳打字機，從20世紀初開始，這些機器就是從電報傳輸中改造而來的。它非常吵，會放在這裏。你會輸入指令，然後在紙上得到結果，這些結果會不斷地打印出來。所以你可以有十幾個或更多的使用者共享一臺像這樣連接到所有終端機的機器。但系統管理員就像是那個系統的小神，可以決定你可以存儲多少，可以運行哪些程序，可以用它做什麼，可以使用多長時間，所有這些事情。所以對於黑客類型的人來說，那些真正熱衷於計算機的人來說，這感覺非常限制，而他們的夢想之一就是擁有自己的計算機。

This is just fun, the kitchen computer which may, this was a real computer under the hood, but they sold it as this futuristic thing for the woman, the housewife of tomorrow. But tremendously condescending text. Very, reflects the attitude of the time.

這只是娛樂而已，這個廚房計算機可能在內部是一臺真正的計算機，但他們將其作爲未來的事物出售給女性，即明天的家庭主婦。但這種極度居高臨下的文字非常反映了當時的態度。

And then of course the personal computer depends on having microprocessors. So this is digital logic. From the relay 200 years ago for the telegraph, vacuum tube 100 years ago for radio, through the transistor, end up to the microprocessor. So this is a computer on a single chip. So you could build a one person computer before that, but it would be bigger and more expensive like the Link that I just showed you. The microprocessor meant for the first time it was fairly affordable to build a small, complete computer system.

然後當然個人計算機依賴於擁有微處理器。所以這是數字邏輯。從200年前的電報中的繼電器，100年前的無線電中的真空管，經由晶體管，最終到達微處理器。所以這是一個單芯片的計算機。所以在此之前你可以建造一臺單人計算機，但它會更大更昂貴，就像我剛剛給你展示的Link一樣。微處理器首次意味着建造一個小型完整的計算機系統變得相對便宜。

And I mean these are, you’ll see these also in personal, but this is Lee Felsenstein. And anyway, these are 8080 microprocessor, the 4004 was first. But suddenly you could build both full-fledged computer systems and also all sorts of devices that had basically a computer inside them.

這些，你會在個人身上看到，但這是李·費爾森斯坦。無論如何，這些是8080微處理器，4004是第一個。但突然之間，你可以建造完整的計算機系統，還可以製造各種基本上內部有計算機的設備。

But while the microprocessor inspired hobbyists to start trying to make their own computers, as we’ll see around the corner, Xerox PARC by the very start of the 70s had basically previewed what a personal computer would do 20, 30 years later. This was actually not a microprocessor, this is a mini-computer under there. And this again cost $40,000 in early 1970s dollars. But it had a mouse, a big screen, laser printer, ethernet, most of the features, and it was connected to a Xerox internet as well as local connections. So it was really very much what we do today. And with windowing software, with early versions of Microsoft Word, this should come up on the screen. Email program that was similar to what we use today. Graphic, Adobe came out of there with the layout programs. So this is really a glimpse forward. But of course this was what you could do in a research lab with an almost unlimited budget. And this was partly influenced by Wes Clark with the Link.

但是，正如我們將在接下來看到的那樣，微處理器激發了愛好者們開始嘗試製作自己的計算機，而在70年代初期，施樂PARC基本上預演了20、30年後個人電腦的功能。實際上，這並不是一個微處理器，而是一個迷你計算機。這在70年代初期的美元價值下要花費4萬美元。但它有鼠標、大屏幕、激光打印機、以太網等大部分功能，並且與施樂互聯網以及本地連接相連。所以它實際上非常接近我們今天所做的事情。而且配備了窗口化軟件和早期版本的微軟Word，這些都可以顯示在屏幕上。類似於我們今天使用的電子郵件程序。圖形方面，Adobe就是從那裏發展出來的排版程序。所以這實際上是一個向前的一瞥。當然，這是在一個幾乎沒有限制預算的研究實驗室裏可以做到的。而且這在一定程度上受到了Wes Clark與Link的影響。

Do you want to look at the mouse?

你想看看這隻老鼠嗎？

So we’ve tried to represent the freewheeling culture of Xerox PARC with this beanbag chair. So they look very relaxed, but apparently these were quite tense meetings where people were criticizing each other and coming up with new ideas.

所以我們試圖用這個豆袋椅來代表史丹佛研究中心（Xerox PARC）自由奔放的文化。看起來他們很放鬆，但顯然這些會議相當緊張，人們互相批評並提出新的想法。

The mouse, this is a replica of the first mouse at SRI, but it’s a replica done by the same shop that built the original. It’s out of a piece of redwood, very appropriate for Northern California. As you saw, there were light guns. That’s not the first pointing device, but it’s the one that took off. And there’s some patents around the mouse. And of course this is Doug Engelbart and Bill English invented the mouse. And for them it was just part of a much larger vision, which I’ll talk about a couple of galleries forward.

這個鼠標是SRI的第一個鼠標的複製品，但是它是由建造原版的同一家店製作的。它是用一塊紅木製成的，非常適合北加州的風格。正如你所看到的，還有光槍。這不是第一個指向設備，但它是最受歡迎的一個。還有一些關於鼠標的專利。當然，這是道格·恩格爾巴特和比爾·英格利希發明的鼠標。對他們來說，這只是更大願景的一部分，我將在幾個展廳後面談到。

Here’s the first laser printer also out of Xerox PARC.

這是第一臺來自於施樂PARC的雷射打印機。

And this, I don’t know if it’s relevant to what you’re doing, but the first virtual reality headset, 1968, Ivan Sutherland. So virtual reality has been trying to take off for a long time.

這個，我不知道這是否與你正在做的事情有關，但第一個虛擬現實頭盔是在1968年由伊凡·薩瑟蘭發明的。所以虛擬現實已經試圖起飛很長一段時間了。

Most graphics in there that I don’t think is especially relevant.

那裏的大部分圖形我覺得並不特別相關。

Games.

遊戲。

Although it’s worth saying that in terms of the counterculture in Silicon Valley, people today tend to think the kind of freewheeling culture of Silicon Valley companies is either Google or Apple, depending on how old they are and what they remember. But probably the beginning of it was Atari in the early 70s, which had a hot tub and wild parties. And Nolan Bushnell is a real brilliant entrepreneur and very whimsical inventor. Anyway, so Atari really kind of was a great success of, started the gaming industry in its modern sense, but also kind of the Silicon Valley culture.

儘管值得一提的是，在硅谷的反文化方面，人們今天往往認爲硅谷公司的那種自由文化是谷歌或蘋果，這取決於他們的年齡和記憶。但也許它的開端是70年代初的雅達利，那裏有熱水浴缸和狂野派對。諾蘭·布什奈爾是一位真正聰明的企業家和非常奇特的發明家。無論如何，雅達利真的是在現代意義上開創了遊戲行業，也形成了硅谷的文化。

This is really games that I don’t, the only thing I’d say is, you know, around, by the mid 70s you had arcade games in a few places. These are reproductions of some from different, there’s Space War, Adventure, and Pac-Man. But there were arcade games, for instance, at Stanford and Chester Union. This is not the one, but this was in the area. So it was kind of the beginning of that game slash hacker connection.

這真的是我不太懂的遊戲，唯一能說的是，你知道的，在70年代中期，有一些地方有街機遊戲。這些是一些不同的複製品，有太空大戰、冒險和喫豆人。但是在史丹佛和切斯特聯盟等地也有街機遊戲。這不是那個地方的，但它代表了遊戲和黑客之間的開始聯繫。

And then, I’m just wondering whether, chronologically this is actually a little later. So Doug Engelbart’s work is around the corner. Do you want me to go in chronological order? So one of the big inspirations in Silicon Valley, of course, is the challenge of navigating knowledge and co-evolution, which was a big concept for the counterculture. Stuart Brand made a lot of it in the Whole Earth Catalog, but it was also a very major part of Doug Engelbart’s group. So the idea that, you know, by improving our tools, we basically change ourselves. By giving people powerful computer tools, you can almost fast forward cultural evolution and knowledge and help solve some of the world’s great problems. And of course, some of these dreams are very old. Paul Otley in the 1920s and 30s in Belgium. You may know the Memex idea, which was based on some of that kind of work. Anyway, those ideas have been around. And of course, clickable links go back to the clay tablet, not as clickable ones, but as cross-references. So clay tablets would refer to other clay tablets. The cross-reference is the basis of encyclopedias, card catalogs. It was the standard way to navigate information for thousands of years. So in the 50s, you had Ted Nelson and Doug Engelbart both came up with the idea that you could adapt systems like this to computers. Because without computers, you end up with a whole mix, you know. You have Paul Otley wanted to combine radio and telegraphy and early TV and phonographs and all these different machines. They had the idea you can do it all on computers. And this fed into the counterculture. Both Doug Engelbart and Ted Nelson were major figures in the kind of computing counterculture in the Bay Area. Dream Machines, of course, is Ted Nelson’s very influential book. But that was already a decade into his speaking and writing publicly. So he was a big influence. And Andy Van Dam here, so there’s Doug Engelbart, Ted Nelson.

然後，我只是在想，從時間上來看，這可能稍微晚了一些。所以道格·恩格爾巴特的工作就在附近。你要我按照時間順序講嗎？在硅谷，當然有一個很大的靈感，那就是知識導航和共同演化的挑戰，這是反文化的一個重要概念。斯圖爾特·布蘭德在《全球概覽》中提到了很多，但這也是道格·恩格爾巴特的團隊的一個非常重要的部分。所以這個想法是，通過改進我們的工具，我們基本上改變了自己。通過給人們強大的計算器工具，你幾乎可以加速文化演化和知識，並幫助解決一些世界上的重大問題。當然，這些夢想有些很古老了。保羅·奧特利在20世紀20年代和30年代在比利時。你可能知道“Memex”的概念，它就是基於這種工作的一部分。無論如何，這些想法一直存在。當然，可點擊的鏈接可以追溯到黏土板，雖然不是可點擊的，但是作爲交叉引用。所以黏土板會引用其他黏土板。交叉引用是百科全書和卡片目錄的基礎。 這是數千年來導航信息的標準方式。所以在50年代，Ted Nelson和Doug Engelbart都提出了一個想法，即你可以將這樣的系統適應到計算機上。因爲如果沒有計算機，你就會得到一個混合體，你知道的。Paul Otley想要結合無線電、電報、早期電視和留聲機等各種不同的機器。他們認爲你可以在計算機上完成所有這些。這也滋養了反主流文化。Doug Engelbart和Ted Nelson都是灣區計算器反主流文化的重要人物。當然，夢想機器是Ted Nelson非常有影響力的一本書。但那已經是他公開演講和寫作十年後的事情了。所以他對此有很大的影響力。這裏還有Andy Van Dam，所以有Doug Engelbart、Ted Nelson。

Andy Van Dam was a college, not the same class, but he went to the same college as Ted Nelson. And they worked on this in the late 60s, HESS, the Hypertext Editing System, which is probably the first word processor as well as being the first hypertext system kind of for standard equipment. And in Engelbart’s lab, they made all this custom equipment with Bill English, who’s there, that let them do a lot of the things we do today, from email to clicking on links, navigating knowledge. Collaboration was a big part of it, videoconferencing.

Andy Van Dam是一位大學生，雖然不是同班同學，但他和Ted Nelson一起就讀於同一所大學。他們在60年代末開始研究HESS（Hypertext Editing System），這可能是第一個文字處理器，也是第一個標準設備上的超文本系統。在Engelbart的實驗室裏，他們與Bill English一起製作了許多自定義設備，讓他們能夠進行許多我們今天所做的事情，從電子郵件到點擊鏈接，導航知識。合作是其中的重要組成部分，還有視頻會議。

But the problem with all of this, in a way, or the advantage, you can see it either way, is that it required a time-shared system. You had to have multiple users on the same system. So similar to a network that way, but it also really limited kind of the who could get access and what they could, not really more about access. Because this is before networking took off. So the internet, the ARPANET, which was part of the later internet, one of the main nodes, the second, well, one of the first two nodes was in Doug Engelbart’s lab. And that’s Bill Duval, who connected with Len Kleinrock’s lab in LA. So the beginning of networking came. And that meant you could spread these ideas over the network. But that was still pretty much only for researchers. So these ideas are percolating around. A lot of people are getting interested in computing, and a lot of them want their own computer. And they didn’t care if they were stepping way back to a much more primitive computer.

但是，這一切的問題，在某種程度上，或者說優點，你可以兩種方式來看待，就是它需要一個共享時間的系統。你必須在同一個系統上有多個用戶。所以在這方面類似於一個網絡，但它也真的很限制誰能夠獲得訪問和他們能夠做什麼，不是真的更多關於訪問。因爲這是在網絡發展之前。所以互聯網，ARPANET，它是後來互聯網的一部分，其中一個主要節點，第二個，也是最早的兩個節點之一，就在道格·恩格爾巴特的實驗室。那就是比爾·杜瓦爾，他與倫·克萊羅克的洛杉磯實驗室建立了聯繫。這就是網絡的開始。這意味着你可以在網絡上傳播這些想法。但那時候還主要是爲研究人員服務。所以這些想法正在滲透開來。很多人對計算器感興趣，他們中的很多人都想要自己的計算器。他們不在乎是否要回到一個更原始的計算器。

So let’s go, or maybe I’ll, since we’re here.

那就走吧，或者我去吧，反正我們都在這裏。

And then community memory, of course, Lee Felsenstein, is part of this same kind of push to use computers for people, for the counterculture, not at the time, as I showed you at the beginning, computers are mostly seen as military or corporate, and very much used against ordinary people. So Lee Felsenstein was explicitly trying, and Ephraim Lipkin, and also Jude Mahon, the three of them really started community memory. But they explicitly wanted to give computing tools to ordinary people, and specifically to the counterculture. So there’s some examples here of some of the things on community memory. So it’s a mix of people advertising for like a one bedroom house to rent, asking where you can get bagels. Then there’s musicians. I don’t know if we have them here, but there were political ones. Do you want to join a protest for something? Yeah, I mean the National Lawyers Guild is initiating action to challenge the 1970s presidential election. So they were all, it was kind of like Craigslist, but mixing every topic together. Anyway, Lee can tell you more about that.

然後社區記憶，當然，李·費爾森斯坦也是這種利用計算機服務於人民、反文化的推動的一部分。一開始，正如我在一開始向你展示的那樣，計算機主要被視爲軍事或企業的工具，並且很大程度上被用來對付普通人。所以李·費爾森斯坦明確地試圖，以及埃弗拉姆·利普金和朱德·馬洪，他們三個人真正開始了社區記憶。但他們明確地希望將計算工具提供給普通人，特別是反文化人士。這裏有一些社區記憶的例子。所以這是一個混合了人們尋找出租一居室房屋、詢問哪裏可以買到貝果等等的廣告。然後還有音樂家。我不知道這裏是否有，但那裏有政治活動的廣告。你想參加某個抗議活動嗎？是的，我的意思是，國家律師協會正在發起行動，挑戰1970年的總統選舉。所以這些都像是Craigslist，但將各種主題混合在一起。無論如何，李可以告訴你更多關於這個的事情。

So this is the early 70s, the personal computer is still more of a thought. And we go to the very first hobbyist trying to build their own. So these are some of the computers coming out of the homebrew movement. Here’s an Apple one. So both Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak were members of homebrew. Lee Felsenstein was basically the moderator, organizer of a lot of it later on. And you had a bunch of people building these kind of in their garage computers. And because the Bay Area had so much of the chip industry, the semiconductor industry, there were lots of places you could go and buy used electronic parts. Huge warehouses full of anything you could imagine that was electronic. And you would pick your own part and it was usually fairly cheap. Not all of that was computing. There were people building stereo equipment and everything else. But it was sort of the right place if you were into soldering and electronics to come and try to build your own computer. So these are all the various hobbyist level computers.

所以這是70年代初期，個人計算機仍然只是一種想法。我們去找第一批嘗試自己組裝的業餘愛好者。這些是一些來自業餘愛好者運動的計算機。這是一臺蘋果一號。史蒂夫·喬布斯和史蒂夫·沃茲尼亞克都是業餘愛好者的成員。李·費爾森斯坦基本上是後來的大部分活動的主持人和組織者。你有一羣人在他們的車庫裏組裝這些計算機。由於灣區擁有如此多的芯片工業和半導體工業，有很多地方可以去購買二手電子零件。倉庫裏擠滿了你能想象到的任何電子產品。你可以自己挑選零件，而且通常價格相對便宜。並不是所有的東西都是用於計算。還有人在組裝立體聲設備和其他東西。但如果你對焊接和電子學感興趣，這是一個適合你來嘗試組裝自己的計算機的地方。這些都是各種業餘愛好者級別的計算機。

The Sol, Lee Felsenstein. The Altair was one of the best known because this gave, it was one of the first that was already assembled even though it didn’t do very much. So the Altair, you basically had to flip the switches to input data and read the flashing of the lights to get the data out. Later they had promised maybe terminals and keyboards. But two young hackers, Bill Gates and Paul Allen, wrote a version of BASIC for the Altair. And actually I should have mentioned BASIC. So Dartmouth, the college on the east coast of the US, had the Dartmouth time sharing system. The first one that was really designed for ordinary people, for students in this case. And something like, this is in the late 60s, 70% of the students at Dartmouth used the computing system. And BASIC was the very, very simple operating system and programming language that they provided for that. So BASIC became the goal for everyone building a hobbyist computer to implement some form of BASIC on it. So Gates and Allen wrote BASIC for the Altair, but Steve Wozniak wrote a version of BASIC for the Apple II. Basically every computer had some version of BASIC. And that came out of Dartmouth. So anyway, a bunch of very early personal computers. But these were not really ready for someone who was not a hobbyist to use. So most of these couldn’t do that many useful things. If they could, you would need to be very knowledgeable, probably both a programmer and good at electronics.

索爾，李·費爾森斯坦。Altair是最著名的之一，因爲它是其中一個最早已經組裝好的，即使它的功能並不多。所以Altair，基本上你必須翻動開關輸入數據，然後閱讀燈光閃爍來獲取數據。後來他們承諾可能會有終端和鍵盤。但是兩位年輕的黑客，比爾·蓋茨和保羅·艾倫，爲Altair寫了一個BASIC版本。實際上，我應該提到BASIC。所以美國東海岸的達特茅斯學院有達特茅斯分時系統。這是第一個真正爲普通人設計的系統，這裏是指學生。大約在60年代末，70%的達特茅斯學生使用了計算系統。BASIC是非常簡單的操作系統和編程語言，他們爲此提供了。所以BASIC成爲每個業餘計算機建造者的目標，他們都要在上面實現某種形式的BASIC。所以蓋茨和艾倫爲Altair寫了BASIC，但是史蒂夫·沃茲尼亞克爲Apple II寫了一個BASIC版本。基本上每臺計算機都有某種版本的BASIC。這源於達特茅斯。 所以，總之，一堆非常早期的個人計算機。但這些計算機並不真正適合非業餘愛好者使用。所以大部分的這些計算機並不能做很多有用的事情。如果它們能夠做到，你需要非常有知識，可能同時具備程序設計和電子技能。

So the first generation that were ready to use are here. So we have the Radio Shack Trash 80, the Commodore PET, and the Apple II. And of course this came straight out of the Homebrew Club. And a number of people, including Lois Jennings, who was the first wife of Stuart Brand, went straight from the Whole Earth Catalog community through, I mean the People’s Computer Center was tremendously important as a way to get time-shared computers to ordinary people in the early 70s in Menlo Park. So it was open to anyone that wanted to come in, including kids. But this is all time-shared. So it’s sitting at a terminal with paper printing out. It was not what you think of today as a graphical user interface. But a lot of those people went into Homebrew. So there’s a kind of straight connection.

所以第一代可以使用的產品已經出現了。我們有Radio Shack Trash 80、Commodore PET和Apple II。當然，這些都是直接來自Homebrew Club。其中包括Lois Jennings在內的許多人，她是Stuart Brand的第一任妻子，直接從Whole Earth Catalog社羣中過來，我的意思是People's Computer Center在70年代初在Menlo Park對於普通人獲得分時共享計算機非常重要。所以任何想進來的人，包括孩子，都可以進來。但這都是分時共享的。所以你坐在一個有紙張打印出來的終端機前。這不是你今天所想的圖形用戶界面。但很多人都進入了Homebrew。所以有一種直接的聯繫。

And of course that led to the software industry. Because prior to that, software was mostly sold, well it was either not sold, it could be given away by the computer manufacturers, or shared. It was either like enterprise software today, so it was sold under a license to a company, or often it was just bundled with the physical machine, like from IBM. But with a personal computer, suddenly you had the need for software publishing almost like books, where these are titles that are published by a publisher, they’re written by programmers who act like authors, and then they’re sold through distributors who were, at the time, mostly these large computer stores. And that became a major industry, which of course now is somewhat fading into the web and the internet.

當然，這也導致了軟件產業的興起。在此之前，軟件大多是出售的，或者根本不出售，可能是由計算機製造商贈送，或者共享。它要麼像今天的企業軟件一樣，以許可證的形式出售給公司，要麼就是與實體機器捆綁在一起，比如IBM。但是隨着個人計算機的出現，你突然需要像書籍一樣出版軟件，這些軟件是由出版商出版的，由像作家一樣的程序設計師撰寫，然後通過當時主要是大型計算機商店的分銷商出售。這成爲了一個重要的產業，當然現在正在逐漸褪去，轉向網絡和互聯網。

But the connection between the Xerox, so the early personal computers were way too primitive to run a graphical user interface. These things could barely run text. I mean, in a way you’re recapitulating what, like the evolution of computers. They were jumping back to like the first computers in the 50s in terms of what they could handle. But as time went on by the early 1980s, they started to get powerful enough to think about running a graphical user interface. And of course Xerox PARC had pioneered that with the Alto. So there was a big, you know, the Apple Lisa, the Mac, more famously, but also Windows 1.0. Microsoft was part of that. They had a right to use it too, and they tried. It just didn’t work very well, the first version of Windows. So by the early 80s, you had people trying pretty seriously to adapt a GUI, graphical user interface, to personal computers. And Atari, Amiga, I mean, every major manufacturer had their own GUI. Also the workstation makers. So you had Sun Microsystems running Unix. You had Silicon Graphics running Unix. And they also had their own graphical user interface. So by the mid 80s, other than the PC, which stayed DOS into the early 90s, you know, pretty much all personal computers and workstations had switched to a graphical user interface. But it’s a solid 12 years after the Xerox Alto.

但是Xerox和個人電腦之間的連接，早期的個人電腦太原始了，無法運行圖形用戶界面。這些東西幾乎只能運行文本。我的意思是，從某種意義上說，你在重述計算機的演化過程。它們回到了50年代的第一臺計算機能夠處理的水平。但隨着時間的推移，到了20世紀80年代初，它們開始變得足夠強大，可以考慮運行圖形用戶界面。當然，Xerox PARC在Alto上開創了這一先河。所以有一個很大的，你知道的，蘋果的Lisa，Mac，更有名的是Windows 1.0。微軟也參與其中。他們也有權使用它，並嘗試過。只是第一個版本的Windows效果不太好。所以到了80年代初，人們非常認真地嘗試將圖形用戶界面適應到個人電腦上。Atari，Amiga，我是說，每個主要製造商都有自己的圖形用戶界面。還有工作站製造商。所以你有Sun Microsystems運行Unix。你有Silicon Graphics運行Unix。他們也有自己的圖形用戶界面。 所以到了80年代中期，除了個人計算機（PC）一直使用DOS直到90年代初期，基本上所有的個人計算機和工作站都轉向了圖形用戶接口。但這是在施羅克斯Alto問世後的整整12年。

So this is the mobile gallery where the icon is the Palm Pilot, which was the first handheld computer to sell millions. And the prototype was this block of wood with half of a chopstick. So Jeff Hawkins made this, printed out the software. His idea of what the software would be and tried entering like an appointment or a contact with the fewest number of taps with the stylus, which was the chopstick. They weren’t sure people would want to use the stylus. So the backup plan was with keys. Which later, of course, the Blackberry made the thumb keyboard very successful. But the story of mobile is really, you know, it was not, you’ve seen some of the early big computers. It was not obvious how they would get into your pocket or your purse. So you start with the, this was Moby Dick, which is a mainframe computer in a truck done by the Army. That’s a model of it. Then you went to 200 pound or 100 kilo computers two people could carry. But even though that was the reality in the 60s for the most part, there were people thinking ahead.

這就是手機畫廊，圖示是Palm Pilot，它是第一款銷售數百萬的手持計算機。原型是一塊木頭和一根筷子的一半。所以Jeff Hawkins做了這個，打印出軟件。他對軟件的想法，並試圖用最少的點擊和筷子（即觸控筆）輸入約會或聯繫人。他們不確定人們是否會想使用觸控筆。所以備用計劃是使用按鍵。後來，當然，Blackberry使拇指鍵盤非常成功。但移動設備的故事真的是，你知道的，早期的大型計算器並不明顯它們如何進入你的口袋或手袋。所以你從這個開始，這是一輛卡車上的大型計算器，由軍方完成。這是它的模型。然後你轉向200磅或100公斤的計算器，兩個人可以攜帶。但即使在60年代，這基本上是現實，仍然有人在思考未來。

So Honeywell, for the movie 2001 by Stanley Kubrick, he researched with a bunch of companies. That’s where we get the image of HAL, the artificial intelligence in 2001. So Kubrick was talking to all sorts of companies what they thought would happen in the future. And Honeywell came up with this projection of what a future computer would be. Basically a briefcase with a little computer, phone.

所以Honeywell爲了史丹利·庫布里克的電影《2001太空漫遊》進行了大量的研究。這就是我們對2001年中的人工智能HAL形象的來源。因此，庫布里克與各種公司交流，瞭解他們對未來的看法。Honeywell提出了一個未來計算器的投影，基本上是一個帶有小型計算器和電話的公文包。

And around the same time or slightly later, Alan Kay made his famous DynaBook mockup. So this is a mockup that Alan Kay did for this exhibit because the original mockup is lost. So this is a mockup of a mockup. So I don’t know if that’s more real or less real. But anyway, Alan did it for this. So it’s basically the grandparent of both the PC, I mean both the tablet and the laptop. So you have a keyboard. There’s also room for a pen, like a stylus here. He put in a cassette tape to represent magnetic removable storage. Some versions he thought that it would be wireless. It’s a little bit vague. But this would be your personal computer you could carry around. In 1968 this was completely impossible because, again, real computers were a bit smaller than that but not much. We had seen a flat screen, which actually it’s around the corner. There’s the Plato flat screen. We can do that on the way out. That was a real flat screen being invented at the time. But the rest of it was pure imagination.

大約在同一時間或稍晚，艾倫·凱製作了他著名的DynaBook模型。所以這是艾倫·凱爲這個展覽製作的模型，因爲原始模型已經遺失。所以這是一個模型的模型。所以我不知道這是更真實還是更虛幻。但無論如何，艾倫爲此做了這個模型。所以基本上它是個人計算機、平板計算機和筆記本電腦的祖先。你有一個鍵盤。這裏還有一個筆，像是一支觸控筆。他放了一個卡式磁帶來代表可移動的磁性儲存。有些版本他認爲它會是無線的。這有點模糊。但這將是你可以攜帶的個人計算機。在1968年，這是完全不可能的，因爲真正的計算機比這小一些，但不多。我們已經看到了一個平面屏幕，實際上它就在轉角處。那裏有Plato平面屏幕。我們可以在離開時看看。那是當時正在發明的真正平面屏幕。但其他部分都是純粹的想象。

These are real computers that were quite small shortly after. That was one of the first personal computers from Canada in 1973, tremendously early. And it was also portable. So the idea goes way back. But that was a very popular model with journalists. Looks a little bit like a Dynabook with a smaller screen and without a pen.

這些是真正的計算機，在不久之後變得相當小巧。那是加拿大於1973年推出的第一批個人計算機之一，非常早期。而且它也是可攜式的。所以這個概念早在很久以前就存在了。但那是一款非常受記者歡迎的型號。看起來有點像一臺屏幕較小且沒有筆的Dynabook。

Eventually though, oh and this is one of our simplest interactives. You can pick up the, it’s 11 kilos, the Osborne one, which of course is Lee Felsenstein who designed this. There’s an Osborne, very similar, not necessarily derived from the Xerox Notetaker, which Doug Fairbarn and others did within Xerox. This was meant to be a portable Alto in the late 70s.

最終，噢，這是我們最簡單的互動之一。你可以拿起這個11公斤的Osborne，當然是由設計師Lee Felsenstein設計的。有一個非常相似的Osborne，不一定是源自於Xerox Notetaker，而是由Doug Fairbarn和其他人在Xerox內部完成的。這是在70年代末期設計的一個便攜式Alto。

And from there you pretty quickly got to the first clamshell laptops like we use today, which got smaller. And we stopped with the ThinkPad and the PowerBook. But there’s several early clamshells.

從那時起，你很快就會遇到像我們今天使用的第一扇貝殼筆記本電腦，它們變得更小。我們停在了ThinkPad和PowerBook上。但是有幾個早期的貝殼筆記本電腦。

And then of course the handheld computer comes out of the pocket calculator. Different origin and also the cell phone to some extent. The first time you have keys, a screen, and a processor inside a little package that’s portable. And those evolved through many different iterations. Silicon Valley spent a billion dollars on the idea of pen computing in the late 80s, early 90s with the Newton. Lost a billion dollars on it. They made real machines that were mostly too big and heavy. Out of that though came the very successful Palm Pilot, which we saw. But most of these are not connected at all. These are standalone computers.

然後當然，手持計算機從口袋計算器中出現。來源不同，手機也在某種程度上如此。這是第一次在一個小包裹中有鍵盤、屏幕和處理器。這些產品經歷了許多不同的演變。硅谷在80年代末、90年代初花費了10億美元在筆記本電腦上，如牛頓。他們在這上面虧損了10億美元。他們製造了真正的機器，但大多數太大太重。然而，這其中誕生了非常成功的Palm Pilot，我們也看到了。但大多數這些產品根本沒有連接。它們是獨立的計算機。

So this is where you get radio networks, which the SRI van is outside on your way out. It’s where mobile packet networks were invented in the early 70s. And you go to different attempts to connect handheld organizers or PDAs. The first unsuccessful cell phone, smart phones, you have the Simon. It’s truly a smart phone, but huge, expensive, half an hour of talk time, $900. This Nokia communicator was also not successful. Ordinary feature phones, not smart. And eventually you get the fourth successful ones were the Blackberry, iMode in Japan, which was the mobile web in the late 90s. Ericsson did a very iPhone-like one without a keyboard. And the Trio, which came out of the Palm. That’s the Palm Handspring Trio. And of course, the iPhone then ended up being the winner in that, partly by flipping the user interface. These are all, if you notice, they all, except for the Ericsson, which still had a little keyboard on top. And it’s true, not the Simon either. But a lot of these still have thumb keyboards. So they’re as much for texting, email, communicating as they are for browsing. And a lot of these were not very satisfactory for browsing. The iPhone made it quite hard to enter text. It’s still, I mean, you have to sit there and stare in a way that with these, you could talk to someone in text or enter text. But with the full front of it as a screen. So it kind of changed the emphasis to browsing and passively consuming rather than actively creating.

這就是你獲取無線電網絡的地方，SRI的車就停在外面。這是70年代初發明移動數據網絡的地方。你可以嘗試連接手持組織者或個人數字助理。第一個失敗的手機是Simon，它是一款真正的智能手機，但體積龐大、昂貴，通話時間只有半小時，售價900美元。這款諾基亞通訊器也不成功。普通功能手機並不智能。最終成功的是黑莓、日本的iMode（90年代末的移動網絡）和愛立信的一款無鍵盤類似iPhone的手機，還有Palm的Trio系列，其中包括Palm Handspring Trio。當然，iPhone最終成爲了贏家，部分原因是它翻轉了用戶界面。你會發現，除了愛立信的手機外，它們都有一個小鍵盤。當然，Simon也沒有。但是這些手機大多數都有拇指鍵盤，所以它們不僅僅用於發短信、發郵件和通訊，也可以用於瀏覽。但是很多手機的瀏覽體驗並不理想。iPhone的輸入文本功能也相對較困難。 這還是得坐在那裏盯着看，以一種方式，你可以透過這些東西與人進行文字交流或輸入文字。但是它的整個前方都是屏幕。所以它改變了重點，變成了瀏覽和被動消費，而不是主動創造。

Bluetooth, of course, which is named after Eric Bluetooth, the Danish king.

藍牙，當然，這是以丹麥國王埃裏克·藍牙命名的。

I don’t know what else would.

我不知道還有什麼其他的。

Oh, do you want to see the flat screen? I’ll show you. So this is the plasma display that Don Bitzer and his colleagues developed for the Plato terminal. So Plato was an educational system, but they created multimedia terminals by the early 70s that had a microfilm reader built in, magnetic cassettes for audio, and the flat screen. And with the, I can show another, there’s an image, they could do beautiful images on it with the microfilm. So this was for courseware for students to learn. And they could go through and like if they wanted to practice language, they would put in the magnetic disc for sound or look at, there’s a picture of, you know, anatomy and beautiful fine drawings. Anyway, that’s what Alan Kay saw an earlier version of that or when he visited, this was all done in University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, which later is the place that Mosaic was done, not NCSA. But Alan saw that and he thought, wow, okay, it is possible to do someday a flat screen computer. So that was not fiction. The rest of the Dynabook is pretty much imagining what could be. And even then, I mean, I’m not sure, this was for a terminal that was plugged into the wall. I don’t know what the power requirements were. But he realized that yes, you could have flat screen.

哦，你想看平板屏幕嗎？我給你看看。這就是唐·比特澤和他的同事爲Plato終端開發的等離子顯示器。所以Plato是一個教育系統，但他們在70年代初創造了具有微縮膠片閱讀器、音頻磁帶和平板屏幕的多媒體終端。而且，我可以展示另一個，它可以用微縮膠片在上面顯示出美麗的圖像。所以這是給學生學習的課程軟件。他們可以通過查看音頻磁盤來練習語言，或者觀看解剖學和精美的繪畫圖片。無論如何，這就是艾倫·凱在早期版本中看到的，或者當他訪問時看到的。這一切都是在伊利諾伊大學香檳分校完成的，後來成爲Mosaic的地方，而不是NCSA。但艾倫看到了這一點，他認爲，哇，好吧，有一天可以做出一臺平板屏幕的計算機。所以那不是虛構的。Dynabook的其餘部分基本上是想象可能的情況。即使那時候，我不確定，這是一個插在牆上的終端。 我不知道電源需求是多少。但他意識到，是的，你可以擁有平面屏幕。

I mean, that’s, AI I don’t think is relevant particularly. I mean, the one contrast, so shaky, the robot there was down the hall from Doug Engelbart. So this is shaky, the icon of the AI gallery here, AI and robotics. And this was done in the late 60s at SRI, which was then called Stanford Research Institute. Today it’s just SRI International. I mean, at the time it was formally associated with Stanford. And shaky was literally down the hall from Doug Engelbart’s group. So you apparently had a big culture clash where people were sitting on the floor smoking marijuana in Doug Engelbart’s group. And when I say sitting on the floor, they had workstations that you would sit very low and have this big screen in front of you, the yoga workstation they called it. They had long hair, very, very much hippie researchers. And then shaky was down the hall with a much more kind of military. You would have people coming in in uniforms. And a scene by the military is tremendously important for their work. Shaky was capable of autonomous movement in the sense you can see the blocks in the photo. They could rearrange the blocks and shaky would figure out how to navigate between them. So when we brought in Sebastian Thrun, Chris Urmson, two of the creators of self-driving cars, to them this is almost a holy relic because this is one of the really, really early developments in autonomous vehicles. Shaky of course was also written up in the press as if it was already artificial general intelligence so it was massively overhyped. But it fed into some of the kind of paranoia as well that the government was developing these tremendously powerful AIs and robots that would have military applications. So that’s some of the incentive for counterculture programmers to try to do other things.

我的意思是，AI我不認爲特別相關。我的意思是，有一個對比，那個搖搖晃晃的機器人就在道格·恩格爾巴特的辦公室旁邊。所以這是shaky，這裏是AI和機器人的代表。這是在60年代末在SRI完成的，當時它被稱爲史丹佛研究所。今天它只是SRI國際。我的意思是，當時它正式與史丹佛大學有關聯。shaky就在道格·恩格爾巴特的團隊辦公室旁邊。所以顯然在這裏有一個巨大的文化衝突，道格·恩格爾巴特的團隊裏的人們坐在地板上抽大麻。當我說坐在地板上時，他們有非常低的工作站，面前有一個大屏幕，他們稱之爲瑜伽工作站。他們留着長髮，非常非常嬉皮士的研究人員。而shaky就在走廊的盡頭，那裏有更多的軍事氛圍。你會看到人們穿着制服進來。對於他們的工作來說，軍方的場景非常重要。shaky能夠自主移動，你可以在照片中看到方塊。他們可以重新排列方塊，shaky會找出如何在它們之間導航的方法。 所以當我們引進Sebastian Thrun和Chris Urmson這兩位自駕車的創造者時，對他們來說，這幾乎是一件神聖的遺物，因爲這是自主車輛早期發展的其中一個重要里程碑。當然，Shaky也被媒體大肆報導，好像它已經是人工通用智能，所以被大肆炒作了。但這也加劇了一些人的恐懼，認爲政府正在開發具有軍事應用的強大人工智能和機器人。這就是一些反文化程序設計師嘗試做其他事情的動機之一。

The other autonomous robot, similar period, starting, similar period as the Stanford car. And this was at the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Lab. And as John Markoff’s written, you know, Stanford you have the AI lab on one side of the campus and then Doug Engelbart’s group doing intelligence augmentation or IA on the other side. But I mean they were all sort of deeply influenced by both the counterculture and the military research money. So both there was a real kind of internal, I don’t know, I mean a built in tension between the fact that they were mostly doing military research and a lot of them had counterculture values.

另一個自主機器人，相同時期，開始，與史丹佛車相同時期。這是在史丹佛人工智能實驗室。正如約翰·馬科夫所寫的，你知道，在史丹佛，你有人工智能實驗室在校園的一邊，然後道格·恩格爾巴特的團隊在另一邊進行智能增強的研究。但我的意思是，他們都受到反文化和軍事研究資金的深刻影響。所以在他們之間存在着一種內在的緊張關係，我不知道，我是說他們大多數人都從事軍事研究，但很多人又具有反文化價值觀。

There’s Deep Blue which of course beat Garry Kasparov at chess. And Garry Kasparov when he spoke a few years ago said he was the first guy to lose his job to AI, but probably not the last.

當然有Deep Blue，它在國際象棋上擊敗了加里·卡斯珀羅夫。幾年前，加里·卡斯珀羅夫發表演講時說他是第一個因爲人工智能而失去工作的人，但可能不會是最後一個。

Another place that’s worth knowing about, University of Utah is where a lot of computer graphics came out of. This was funded by ARPA, Bob Taylor at ARPA also went there before going to PARC. And they really, I mean out of that laboratory came Nolan Bushnell of Atari, the two founders of Adobe, let’s see, Ed Catmull of Pixar, Jim Clark of Silicon Graphics, basically all of the major graphics companies and what we think of as graphics in movies and in architecture and all sorts of things. Really most of it started there, was influenced heavily by that. And that was also a very kind of counterculture group mixed with, I mean Utah is the state where the Church of Latter Day Saints, known as the Mormons, has their base and so it can be a very culturally conservative, socially conservative state mixed with these kind of hippie hacker types doing graphics who are also being funded partly by the military. So the same kind of confluence of factors, but again in an environment that was less, the counterculture was a big part of the Bay Area, it was not a big part of Utah in the same way.

另一個值得了解的地方是猶他大學，許多計算機圖形技術就是從這裏誕生的。這個項目是由ARPA資助的，ARPA的鮑勃·泰勒在去PARC之前也在這裏工作過。實際上，正是從這個實驗室中湧現出了Atari的諾蘭·布什內爾、Adobe的兩位創始人，還有皮克斯的埃德·卡特穆爾、Silicon Graphics的吉姆·克拉克等等，基本上所有我們所認知的電影、建築等領域的主要圖形公司和圖形技術都受到了這裏的重大影響。而且，這個實驗室的成員也是一羣反主流文化的人，他們與猶他州的摩門教總部所在地相混合，因此這個州在文化和社會上都有一定的保守傾向，而這些搞圖形技術的嬉皮士黑客們也在一定程度上得到了軍方的資助。因此，雖然存在着相似的因素交匯，但環境上與灣區的反主流文化相比，猶他州並沒有那麼重要。

And I’ll finish with, well there’s, Pixar was a computer before it was a company.

最後我要說的是，嗯，Pixar在成爲一家公司之前，它是一臺計算機。

There’s the Silicon Graphics machine, this building we’re in was the Silicon Graphics sales headquarters, so built by that product basically.

這裏有一臺Silicon Graphics的機器，我們現在所在的這棟建築物原本是Silicon Graphics的銷售總部，所以基本上是由那個產品建造的。

This is Sketchpad, the first kind of freeform graphics program drawing, it was in today’s terms it would be kind of a mixture of the vector graphics program, CAD and yeah, really those two things. So you could draw and it would constrain what you drew to its points. This is 1962 I believe, 63, and Ivan Sutherland really started, in many ways inspired modern computer graphics with this, which he did also with help from a number of people.

這是Sketchpad，第一種自由形式的圖形繪製程式，以今天的術語來說，它可以說是矢量圖形程序、CAD和其他兩者的混合體。因此，你可以繪製圖形，並將其限制在其點上。我相信這是在1962年或1963年，Ivan Sutherland真正開始以許多方式啓發了現代計算機圖形，他也得到了其他人的幫助。

I think that’s about, and this is AI art if it’s of interest.

我想就是這樣了，如果你有興趣的話，這就是AI藝術。

But I don’t know, any other?

但我不知道，其他的呢？

Yu&Huang: So, thank you.

崔雨＆黃：那麼，謝謝。

Thank you.

謝謝。

Thank you.

謝謝。

This was like 250 kilos or more. All human powered, but he had a head up display. If you look here, it’s like a virtual reality, basically what we’d call augmented reality today. He also had stereo headphones and some sort of liquid cooling if it was hot to cool his head. He’s a flutist, flautist, so he could use the keys here. We didn’t talk at all about the Engelbart key set, which is where on the left of every Engelbart and later Alta workstation, you can type just using one hand, but different combinations of presses like a piano, like making a chord to make letters or commands. He could do that on his handlebars of his bike. He could ride along and be seeing his screen on the head up display and typing with his hands and listening to music. Most of this you can do, and there he is, you can do today with a bicycle and a smartphone, although not the head up display, where that’s still coming. This was a big deal at the time. He was a packet ham, very good at packet ham radio, so he could connect from the middle of the desert, probably better than you can today with a mobile phone. He had carried antennas with him, and there’s like six computers built into this. It was an incredible production to do mostly what you can do today with a mobile phone. This is a little bit on the odd ducks, the form factors in mobile that have not taken off yet or are kind of off to the side. Vehicle based starting with traverse boards and old ships to navigate. Watches are still, they’re just breaking into the mainstream now. Wearable is still not really there yet. This I chose because it’s just kind of fun. This is a drum set that you pound your chest to play the drums. We’re still not really seeing the promise of wearable clothing, wearable computer clothing. Anyway, that’s just a fun. Certainly when you look at digital nomads today around the world, this is really the original dream.

這東西大概有250公斤或更多。全靠人力，但他有一個頭戴顯示器。你看這裏，就像虛擬現實，基本上就是我們今天所謂的擴增實境。他還有立體聲耳機，如果天氣熱可以用液體冷卻來降低頭部溫度。他是一位長笛演奏家，所以他可以在這裏使用按鍵。我們完全沒有談論恩格爾巴特鍵盤，這是在每臺恩格爾巴特和後來的阿爾塔工作站的左側，你可以只用一隻手打字，但需要按下不同的組合，就像彈鋼琴一樣，用和絃來打字或發送指令。他可以在自行車的把手上做到這一點。他可以騎着自行車，通過頭戴顯示器看屏幕，用雙手打字，還可以聽音樂。大部分現在你可以用自行車和智能手機做到這一點，但頭戴顯示器還沒有普及，這還在發展中。當時這是一件大事。他是一位專業的無線電愛好者，非常擅長無線電通訊，所以他可以在沙漠中連接，可能比你今天用手機還要好。他隨身攜帶天線，這裏面有六臺計算機。 這是一個令人難以置信的製作，主要是你現在可以用手機做的事情。這有點奇怪，手機的形狀還沒有真正流行起來，或者有點偏離主流。從搭乘交通工具的遊戲開始，到舊船上的橫越板，用來導航。手錶現在還是一樣，它們剛剛開始進入主流。可穿戴設備還沒有真正到達那個程度。我選擇這個是因爲它很有趣。這是一套你可以敲打胸口來演奏鼓的鼓組。我們還沒有真正看到可穿戴服裝、可穿戴計算機服裝的潛力。不管怎樣，這只是一個有趣的事情。當你看着今天世界各地的數字遊牧民族時，這真的是最初的夢想。

I was talking about Plato with a flat screen display. That’s an example of the Plato screen. It could do very, very nice graphics. It was real multimedia at the time. There’s another one there, Plato notes.

我正在談論着帶有平面顯示器的柏拉圖。那是柏拉圖屏幕的一個例子。它可以呈現非常非常出色的圖形。那是當時真正的多媒體。還有另一個，柏拉圖筆記。

What’s interesting to me is with community memory, the first web browser was also meant to be an editor. It was an editor. You could write and edit like a word processor. Today you generally have to go to some other site or somebody else’s server to create web pages. Even back then at community memory you have that distinction. You can read for free, but you pay a quarter to write. There’s been this kind of disconnect between contributing to online knowledge and reading it since the beginning. I think in some ways it reflects TV and radio. You’re the passive absorber of the information, not necessarily the person who’s contributing it. It’d be worth asking Lee what the intention was. You have to charge for something. If you charge them to read, they’re not even going to get engaged.

對我來說有趣的是，社區記憶中的第一個網頁瀏覽器也被設計成了一個編輯器。它就是一個編輯器。你可以像使用文字處理器一樣寫作和編輯。如今，你通常需要去其他網站或別人的服務器上創建網頁。即使在社區記憶時代，這種區別也存在。你可以免費閱讀，但寫作需要支付一個25美分的費用。從一開始，對於在線知識的貢獻和閱讀之間一直存在着這種斷裂。我認爲在某種程度上反映了電視和廣播。你是信息的被動吸收者，不一定是貢獻者。值得問問李的意圖是什麼。你必須收費。如果收費閱讀，他們甚至不會參與其中。

This is the first web browser, which was Tim Berners-Lee in 1990 at CERN. That was just like a word processor connected to the internet. There was no edit and browse mode. It was always on. You could just write.

這是第一個網頁瀏覽器，由蒂姆·伯納斯-李於1990年在歐洲核子研究組織創造。它就像一個連接到互聯網的文字處理器，沒有編輯和瀏覽模式，它總是開啓的，你只能寫入。

Ask Jeeves was an early search engine that was meant to be natural language queries so that you could ask questions just like a chat bot today. It didn’t really work in the late 90s. They had humans creating the smart answers, which is similar to what both Google and Bing are doing now, where it’s a combination of search results with answers that are pulled together, in that case by the chat bot. But here they had people doing it.

Ask Jeeves是一個早期的搜索引擎，旨在實現自然語言查詢，讓您可以像今天的聊天機器人一樣提問問題。然而，在90年代末它並沒有真正起作用。他們有人類創建智能答案，這與現在的Google和Bing所做的類似，即結合搜索結果和答案，由聊天機器人整合在一起。但在這裏，他們是由人來完成的。